National evaluation educational priority policy at elementary schools/ pupils and parents.Pupils: languages tests and arithmetic tests (developed by CITO) and intelligence tests ( developed by RION ) / retention / number of years living in the Netherlands / speaking Dutch with father and-or mother / speaking Dutch with friends not born in the Netherlands / reading books and membership public library.Parents (or guardians): education and profession of parents / parental support / attending parents' evenings / reading and-or buying books, membership public library / cultural participation / reading aloud to children / frequency of speaking Dutch with children / buying books for children / taking children to public library / frequency of watching tv by r.'s children, during how many hours a day and type of program / reading daily newspapers.Background variables: basic characteristics/ place of birth/ household characteristics/ characteristics of parental family/household/ occupation/employment/ education/ readership, mass media, and 'cultural' exposure