The direct observations of fine mineral dust aerosol (0.15–15 µm), its chemical composition, long transport modelling, satellite images analyses on the arid and semiarid zones of Kalmykia (Caspian Lowland, South of Russia) in 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2018, and 2020 under conditions of: wind strong enough for saltation; and weak wind and strong heating of the surface, almost in the absence of saltation processes.