The dataset contains instances of the (semi-)modal verbs 'must', 'have to', 'need to' and '(have) got to' from nineteen written and spoken genres in the Scottish and British components of the International Corpus of English (ICE-SCO and ICE-GB). Nonfinite forms (e.g. 'will have to', 'might need to'), interrogatives, past-tense forms, as well as negations were excluded (partly through non-inclusion in the search, partly manually), as were all epistemic instances (predominantly of 'must') and non-obligation meanings of 'got to' (e.g. 'They got to be friends'). The sentences attached to each occurrence were manually annotated for grammatical person (of the subject) and source of obligation (objective vs. subjective).

AntConc, 3.5.7

R, 3.6.2

RStudio, 1.2.5033

R package 'brms', 3.6.2

R package 'rstan', 2.19.3

R package 'StanHeaders', 2.21.0-1

R package 'lattice', 0.20-38

https://www.ice-corpora.uzh.ch/en.html [ICE-website at the University of Zurich]

Kirk, John & Gerald Nelson. 2018. The International Corpus of English project: A progress report. World Englishes 34(4): 697–716. https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12350

Nelson, Gerald, Sean Wallis & Bas Aarts. 2002. Exploring Natural Language. Working with the British Component of the International Corpus of English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Schützler, Ole, Ulrike Gut & Robert Fuchs. 2017. New perspectives on Scottish Standard English: Introducing the Scottish component of the International Corpus of English. In: Joan C. Beal & Sylvie Hancil (Hg.), Perspectives on northern Englishes. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter [TiEL 96]. 273–302. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110450903-012