This dataset compiles all the radioactive dose rates measurements and the anthropogenic fallout radionuclides analysed in recent sediment deposits collected in the coastal catchments draining the main radioactive plume of Fukushima, Japan (2011-2020).Gamma-emitting fallout radionuclides activities (Cs-137, Cs-137, Ag-110m) were determined by gamma spectrometry using HPGe detectors (Canberra/Ortec), and activities were decay-corrected to the sampling date.Uncertainties reached ca. 5-10% on Cs-134 and Cs-137 activities, and ca. 15-20% on Ag-110m activities at the 95% confidence level.Radiation dose rates were systematically measured in the field (at 1-cm height from the soil) using a radiameter (LB123 D-H10, Berthold Technologies) in recent sediment drape deposits and in nearby soils along rivers (i.e. in a 10 to 20 m wide area along rivers).This data was collected in the framework of the TOFU (Agence Nationale de la Recherche; grant no. ANR-11-JAPN-001) and the AMORAD (Programme des Investissements d'Avenir; grant no. ANR-11-RSNR-0002) projects. The support of Centre Nationalde la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS, France) and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) is also gratefully acknowledged (grant no. PRC CNRS-JSPS 2019-2020, no. 10; CNRS International Research Project - IRP -MITATE).