Data provider collect firm-level information from balance sheet and administrative statistical registries. We run a harmonized protocol across each firm-level data set to construct our indicators.

In most cases, data rely on business registers of national banks or statistical offices, complemented with other firm-level sources, either to enrich firm coverage, or to include additional information, as, for instance, trade values. Across all countries, the target population of the firm-level datasets is narrowed down to consistently include non-financial corporations with employees. The country coverage  of this vintage contains 22 countries, including the six biggest EU economies ( Germany, France, Italy, Spain,  Netherlands, and Poland).