This dataset contains the raw and processed MRI images describing the growth kinetics and spatialization of individual tubers belonging to potato plants (Rosanna cultivar of Solanum tuberosum) cultivated in pots and subjected to two water regimes and physiological, biochemical and gene expression data measured on leaves and tubers of the same plants. All these data contribute to highlight long-term effects of water stress on growth kinetics, spatialization and quality of potato tubers.