To investigate sedimentation processes in hadal trenches, sediment cores were collected from Atacama, Kuril-Kamchatka, Kermadec and Mariana Trench regions. We collected 9 sediment cores from Atacama Trench (R/V Sonne SO261; from 2/Mar to 2/Apr/2018), 4 sediment cores from Kuril-Kamchatka Trench (R/V Sonne SO250; from 16/Aug to 26/Sep/2016), 3 sediment cores from Kermadec Trench (R/V Tangaroa; TAN1711 from 24/Nov to 14/Dec/2017), and 2 sediment cores from Mariana Trench (R/V Yokosuka; YK10-11 from 20/Nov to 4/Dec/2010), respectively. Using with these cores, we measured radionuclides (210Pb, 214Pb and 137Cs) and total organic carbon (TOC) profiles to calculate sedimentation, mass accumulation and TOC deposition rates. This dataset contains sapling site locations, 210Pb (and excess 210Pb), 214Pb and 137Cs concentrations and TOC contents of these cores. 14C ages of organic carbon are also measured for Mariana Trench sediment cores. Sedimentation, mass accumulation and organic carbon deposition rates calculated with excess 210Pb profiles and the surface TOC contents are also provided. Datasets about mass accumulation rates from continental shelf to the hadal environments and burial efficiency of organic carbon are compiled from our data and the previously published papers (references are shown in each file). These data are used for preparing figures, tables and the discussions in Oguri et al. (2022).