Carbonate content: Bulk sediment was acidified with 10% phosphoric acid using an AutoMateFX carbonate preparation system and evolved CO2 was measured using a UIC (Coulometrics) 5011 CO2 coulometer. Analytical precision is estimated to be ±1% by repeated measurement of a carbonate standard. The record was generated by D.A. Hodell. Age model: The age model was developed by aligning the abrupt transitions of d18O record of G. bulloides in core MD01-2444 to warming and cooling events in the NGRIP d18Oice record, presented on: (i) the GICC05 timescale [Svensson, A. et al. A 60,000 year Greenland stratigraphic ice core chronology. Clim. Past 4, 47–57 (2008)]; and (ii) the WD2014: modified timescale, whereby NGRIP GICC05 ice ages 31.2–67.2 ka are multiplied by 1.0063. [Buizert, C. et al. The WAIS Divide deep ice core WD2014 chronology – Part 1: Methane synchronization (68–31 ka BP) and the gas age–ice age difference. Clim. Past 11, 153-173 (2015)].