The dataset includes contents of coarse sediment particles (1000-1747 AD and 1816-1960 AD), as well as dating results of sediments and pollen assemblages from the Daling River estuary. Additionally, it contains historical flood records (1737-1940 AD), cumulative reservoir storage data, rainfall percentage, peak discharge information, and vegetation coverage data in the Daling River Basin. Cores NQ-1, LH49, and LZK03 were drilled in 2019, 2017, and 2012, respectively, in the Daling River estuary. Grain size analysis for cores NQ-1 and LH49 was conducted using CAMSIZER X2 and Malvern Mastersizer 2000, respectively, at the School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing). Core LZK03 underwent grain size analysis via Malvern Mastersizer 2000 at Shenyang Centre of Geological Survey, China Geological Survey. Nine quartz samples were collected from core NQ-1 for the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) test using an automated RisØ TL/OSL system (DA-15/20) equipped with a 90Y/90Sr beta source. Additionally, one shell sample was measured to obtain AMS 14C dating results at the Beta Analytic Laboratory in Miami, Florida. Six samples from core NQ-1 were selected to identify pollen assemblage at Guangxi Normal University. Historical flood records in the Daling River Basin were sourced from original historical archives and contemporary scholar compilations. Hydrological data in the Daling River Basin were obtained from references. Vegetation coverage was indicated by NDVI (Normalized Derivation Vegetation Index), which was obtained using the maximum value composite method applied to monthly NDVI datasets (https://ecocast.src.nasa.gov/data/pub/gimms/).