The Modified PTH Framework builds upon the foundational work presented by Perdana and Ostermann (2019), which introduced a generic framework for participatory toponym handling in Indonesia. This enhanced framework shifts from a data-centric approach to a project-based methodology, incorporating elements from the Citizen Science Ontology (Ceccaroni et al., 2018; Lemmens et al., 2021).

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Developed through iterative stakeholder engagement, which includes focus group discussions with representatives from government agencies, academia, NGOs, mapping communities, and local authorities, the framework comprises eight core classes: Stakeholder, Actor, Role, Project, Task, Toolkit, Method, and Dataset. The Role class delineates four key roles: Funder, Organizer, User, and Contributor. The Project class encapsulates objectives, scope, funding, and infrastructure, while the Method class encompasses various toponym handling activities. The development process incorporated fuzzy cognitive mapping (FCM) to address knowledge gaps and foster collaborative understanding among stakeholders. This modified framework provides a structured, participatory approach to toponym handling adaptable to diverse contexts and stakeholder needs.