Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common malignancy in the world. Although the treatments for HCC have been diversified in recent years, the main method for liver cancer hepatectomy is still the most effective therapy. However, the post-hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) frequently developed is still an fatal issue that arouses great attention. How to reduce the incidence of post-hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) and improve the therapeutic effect is still an fatal issue that arouses great attention. Research nowadays has made some progress on the relationship between liver disease and gut microbiota, yet it is still in deficiency towards clinical studies for PHLF in such relationship.