Groundwater, Earth's largest source of liquid freshwater, is vital for sustaining ecosystems and meeting societal needs. However, quantifying global groundwater withdrawals remains a challenge due to significant uncertainties. This dataset provides global groundwater withdrawal estimates from 2001 to 2020, derived using the data-driven Global Groundwater Withdrawal (GGW) model. The GGW model estimates annual groundwater withdrawals across domestic, industrial, and agricultural sectors at a 0.1° spatial resolution. Implemented in Python, it integrates reported country-level data with global grid-based datasets to generate sectoral withdrawal estimates. Additionally, this dataset includes an uncertainty assessment based on key input variables, such as total country-level withdrawals, sector-specific fractions, European sectoral data, irrigation efficiency, and return flow fractions. The uncertainty analysis employs Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS), with 1000 Monte Carlo simulations to quantify variability.

Source "Global Human Settlement Layer: Population and built-up estimates, and degree of urbanization settlement model grid (Version 1.00)" last accessed: 2025-08-06