Abstract: A key factor in the widespread commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is the need for comprehensive stability analysis, particularly under real-world outdoor conditions across diverse global locations. However, a simple and reliable encapsulation strategy for outdoor stability analysis that can be implemented at laboratory level is currently missing, hindering progress in the study of PSC lifetime. In this work, we present a simple and effective two-step encapsulation strategy to encapsulate laboratory-scale PSCs at room temperature applying commercial-available epoxies. We have examined 9 epoxies including single and bicomponent epoxies, as well as air-curing and UV-curing epoxies. The possible reaction of the epoxies with the perovskite film was monitored by means of XRD measurements, SEM imaging, FTIR and Raman spectroscopies, as well as via stability assessment of devices following ISOS protocols. The encapsulation method was analyzed in different types of PSCs, including normal n-i-p configuration applying Au and carbon electrodes, and inverted p-i-n configuration with Ag contacts. The devices, both in normal and inverted configurations, were also analysed at different locations (Spain, Israel, Germany) showing impressive stability under ISOS-O protocol demonstrating its viability for the analysis of lab-scale PSCs devices.

X-ray diffraction experiments

FTIR measurements on perovskite thin films

Outdoor stability data and environmental conditions

JV measurements before and after encapsulation