In this paper results of the 2025 nationwide survey "Menschen in Deutschland (MiD)" (People in Germany) will be presented. MiD is a nationally representative survey of the German population, covering individuals between the ages of 18 and 80. Results were presented on the prevalence of traditional Antisemitism, Israel-related Antisemitism and Critique towards the current Policy of Israel.

The findings show that a differentiated conceptual approach—distinguishing between traditional antisemitism, Israel-related antisemitism, and legitimate criticism—is both theoretically necessary and empirically justified. While there is some overlap to be identified, the majority of criticism of Israeli Policy is not associated with antisemitic attitudes. However, a small segment combines both, which underscores the need for careful analytical and normative distinctions. In relation to existing definitions of Antisemitism, our results suggest that:

the IHRA framework is particularly useful for identifying politicized forms of antisemitism,
the Jerusalem Declaration and Nexus approaches provide important safeguards for legitimate political expression,
and the ADL perspective highlights the continuity of classical prejudice.

Taken together, these approaches can be understood as complementary, especially when grounded in empirical analysis. Ultimately, our study underscores that precision, differentiation, and empirical grounding are essential for both academic research and informed public debate.en