“Local versus foreign” estimation of local adaptation (growth rate at 35°C of individuals from experimental populations at 35°C that received immigrants minus the growth rate at 35°C of individuals originating from control populations without immigration and maintained at 23°C). Gene_flow_treatment = types of gene flow, with or without habitat choice. Gene_flow_level = level of dispersal toward the focal population (10% or 30% of the local population' initial carrying capacity). Local_adaptation_LvsF = growth rate at 35°C of individuals from experimental populations at 35°C that received immigrants minus the growth rate at 35°C of individuals originating from control populations without immigration and maintained at 23°C. Time: initial = initial measurement, before the first dispersal event; final = measured at the end of the experiment (6 weeks)