Background This is the data of a paper published in PNAS: Dariel et al. (2026) "The racial and ethnic gap in behavioral measures rivals the gender gap in the United States", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.

Purpose We look at differences in competitiveness and risk tolerance, across Blacks, Hispanics and Whites in the United States.

Method

The data was gathered through an online survey by YouGov. The experiments are incentivized. (2026-01-02).

YouGov interviewed 2471 White, Black and Hispanic respondents between the ages of 25 and 54.

A sampling frame was constructed by stratified sampling from the full 2016 American Community Survey (ACS) 1-year sample with selection within strata by weighted sampling with replacements (using the person weights on the public use file).

The respondents were weighted to the sampling frame using propensity scores. The cases and the frame were combined and a logistic regression was estimated for inclusion in the frame. The propensity score function included age, race/ethnicity, years of education, and region.

The propensity scores were grouped into deciles of the estimated propensity score in the frame and post-stratified according to these deciles. The weights were then post-stratified on 2016 Presidential vote choice, and a four-way stratification of gender, age (4-categories), race (4- categories), and education (4-categories), to produce the final weight.

YouGov has provided weights: The respondents were weighted to the sampling frame using propensity scores. The cases and the frame were combined and a logistic regression was estimated for inclusion in the frame. The propensity score function included age, race/ethnicity, years of education, and region.

The propensity scores were grouped into deciles of the estimated propensity score in the frame and post-stratified according to these deciles. The weights were then post-stratified on 2016 Presidential vote choice, and a four-way stratification of gender, age (4-categories), race (4- categories), and education (4-categories), to produce the final weight.

Stata, 18

This entry is a six-files data package totaling 728.10 kB, containing files in .do, .dta, .ods, .pdf and .txt formats.

If you use this dataset, please cite: Stoop, J., Dariel, A., Ham, J., & Nikiforakis, N. (2026). The racial and ethnic gap in behavioral measures rivals the gender gap in the United States – Replication Data (Version V1) [Data set]. DataverseNL. https://doi.org/10.34894/JQNARD