The data set contains alkenone and glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) reconstructed sea surface temperatures, and elemental counts from northeast Arabian Sea box core SO90-58KG (24° 46.60' N, 65° 49.18' E, 876 m water depth). The alkenone unsaturation index (UK'37) and crenarchaeol-caldarchaeol tetraether index (CCaT), measured using mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) at ultra-high spatial resolution, are provided against cumulative depth [mm] and age [year CE]. C37 alkenone and GDGT intensities from low resolution bulk samples measured using gas chromatography-flame ionization detection and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively, are also provided. The sea surface temperatures [°C] reconstructed from the UK'37 and CCaT indices, respectively, is also included. Calcium, iron, potassium, sulfur, silicon, and titanium elemental counts by cumulative depth [mm] obtained from micro-X-ray fluorescence mapping are provided. The data set also contains the first principal component of these elements after principal component analysis; PC1 [score] by cumulative depth [mm] and age [year CE]. PC1 is used as a proxy for rainfall and river runoff driven by the southwest Indian summer monsoon. High-resolution alkenone and GDGTs measurements are provided at 0.150 mm resolution and 0.1-year resolution. Elemental counts are provided at 0.100 mm resolution. PC1 is provided at 0.100 mm resolution and monthly resolution.