This dataset presents winter and summer palaeoclimate (temperature and precipitation) quantitative reconstructions from 38 pollen records of the Central Mediterranean region (encompassing southern France and Italy). A part of the pollen fossil records was extracted from the Neotoma Paleoecology Database (https://www.neotomadb.org/), with age-depth models updated from Li et al. (2022; doi:10.5194/essd-14-1331-2022), and another part was gathered directly from the authors of the original studies. Palaeoclimate reconstructions are based on two different methods: Modern Analogue Technique (MAT) and Boosted Regression Trees (BRT). An average palaeoclimate signal was calculated by averaging the MAT- and BRT-based signal for each record.