Mediterranean region: heat & drought 2023 break all records: The year 2023 was an extreme year in the Mediterranean region, with several massive heatwaves on land and in the ocean, considerable drought and numerous forest fires. At the same time, the conditions largely corresponded to the effects of climate and land use change in the region that have been projected for decades. Although precise estimates are still pending, it can be assumed that several thousand people died, particularly as a result of the heatwaves and the several thousand people died. The need for adaptation, particularly for the economically disadvantaged sections of the population, is considerable despite existing efforts. The climate impacts observed in the region make it clear that a radical reduction in emissions worldwide is unavoidable if further damage to people, nature and the economy is to be avoided.