We aim at monitoring in situ and simultaneously the evolution of mechanical properties and of phase composition of several hydraulic binders, such as cements for bone reconstruction, during their setting. These materials experience a liquid-to-solid transition due to the dissolution of a reactive powder and the reprecipitation of more stable products. This class of materials has a huge technological and economical impact on our societies, mainly because of this setting process. Beyond construction industry, it allows to use bone cement in mini-invasive surgery techniques or to 3D-print implants that harden as soon as printed. Understanding the link between the evolution of rheological properties of the printed paste and the extent of its chemical reaction is therefore a key point. The results will thus bring critical information to understand the structure-properties relationship during the solidification, serving to refine cements formulation in various fields of engineering.