Aggressiveness of a plant pathogen can be defined as the quantitative variation of pathogenicity on a compatible host and is measured by evaluating quantitative traits expressed during the host–pathogen interaction, i.e. the components of aggressiveness. The most widely assessed aggressiveness components for rust pathogens are infection efficiency (IE), latency period (LP) and sporulation capacity (SP). Puccinia triticina is a fungal pathogen responsible of the wheat leaf rust disease. We measured the three aforementioned aggressiveness components for 44 P. triticina isolates representative of the two pathotypes 106 314 0 and 166 317 0, and the two most common genotypes G1 and G2 within each pathotype. The evaluations were realized on seedlings of different bread wheat varieties, in five experimental series. In series 1 and 2, isolates of the four pathotype-genotype combinations were evaluated on varieties Apache and Michigan Amber. In series 3, 4 and 5, isolates of pathotype 106 314 0-G1 and -G2 were evaluated on varieties Aubusson, Premio, Michigan Amber, Sankara, Expert and Bermude. This dataset is composed of 9 .XLSX data files corresponding to the three aggressiveness components measured in series 1, 2 and 3+4+5, respectively, and of 2 .R text files containing the scripts used in the software R for statistical analysis of the data set.