In this project we investigate the effects of the use of VAAs on people's answers and attitudes, and on their political understanding (efficacy, knowledge). We also distinguish between different user types. In this specific subproject, we investigated the effect of valence framing in a VAA developed for the local elections in the city of Utrecht 2014 on the answers. We also investigated the rol of political sophistication as a moderator. We have presented these data at a number of conferences (ICA2015, ECPR2014) and hope to publish about these data in 2016, PLOS ONE. The first author can be reached through b.holleman@uu.nl