This study examined cross-cultural differences in attitudes toward robots and avatars, comparing Japanese and Dutch participants (total n=669). Explicit attitudes were measured with the Negative Attitudes Towards Robots Scale (NARS) and implicit attitudes with an Implicit Association Test (IAT). Japanese participants showed more positive explicit attitudes toward robots than Dutch participants, but no cultural differences emerged in implicit attitudes. Robot embodiment did not affect implicit preferences, which remained moderate across both groups. Cultural effects appear at the explicit but not implicit level.

Repository structure description: (1) Raw data: original questionnaire responses (NARS), IAT trial-level data for each experiment for each culture, participant demographics. (2) Prep data: cleaned and merged datasets, scoring of explicit and implicit measures. (3) Analysis scripts: for questionnaires validation, statistical analysis, and plots. (4) Supplementary materials: supplementary analysis, tasks and stimuli.

This dataset was downloaded from the Open Science Framework on 24/02/2026 here:

Diana, F., & Hortensius, R. (2025, November 26). Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Towards Artificial Agents: a Crosscultural Study. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/UAT6R or https://osf.io/uat6r/overview