A series of project fieldwork reports on research carried out between September 2014 and April 2015 in the village of Karhera in Ghaziabad, India. Fieldwork included a household survey of 2,000 households, in-depth interviews, participatory mapping, photo-mapping and livelihood costing exercises. The focus of these activities was on people's interaction with local ecosystem services, particularly through involvement in peri-urban agriculture, and on the impacts of environmental, socio-economic, institutional and policy changes.Urbanisation brings the creation of new opportunities for many, while also resulting in a dramatic increase in the concentration of poverty and environmental degradation in peri-urban zones. Peri-urban areas, at the interface between urban and rural, link rural livelihoods with the urban lifestyles that put multiple pressures on peri-urban ecosystems. This poses huge challenges for the health and livelihoods of an increasing number of disenfranchised, poor and marginalised citizens, and for the sustainable urban development. Urban policies for provision of essential services such as food and water, draw upon ecosystem services (ES) from the peri-urban zone and from further and further afield. At the same time the export of polluting activities and domestic waste to peri-urban localities degrades ES, with adverse implications for urban and peri-urban communities. This research project aims to explore the intersections between ES and poverty in peri-urban areas of India, and implications for urban development. Our overarching research hypothesis is that a better understanding of peri-urban ES and relationships with poverty alleviation will generate knowledge and mobilize people, and in turn generate more effective urban development initiatives. These will build much needed synergies between urban and peri-urban communities to support poverty alleviation goals. To better understand the complex interactions of ES and human well-being in highly dynamic peri-urban landscapes, we will use spatio-temporal modelling to analyse interactions and trade-offs. This will involve a combination of primary and secondary data and the development of new approaches to modelling that could be used to support initiatives to enhance ES benefits and support urban planning processes. Empirical detailed case studies will be carried out in Delhi's National Capital Territory. We will work with peri-urban communities to examine the relationship between ES (emphasis on primary data collection for ES associated with agriculture and food systems) and multiple dimensions of poverty (emphasis on health). We use this new knowledge to identify specific, local, technical and institutional interventions with affected communities, that will help to sustain ES and the livelihoods that they support. We will also identify policy entry points, working with diverse stakeholders to examine the potential to integrate an understanding of the interaction between peri-urban ES and poverty alleviation goals into decision making processes and implementation. Target policies and programmes will include those associated with the national urban horticulture initiative, which aims to support peri-urban producers and ensure a supply of fresh produce to cities, and urban waste management and pollution control plans. The spatial analyses will form the basis of tools to support dialogue with policy actors. For comparison, parts of peri-urban areas around five additional cities (Hyderabad, Bangalore, Varanasi, Kathmandu and Dhaka) will be mapped at coarser resolution and a subset of ES, selected based on their importance identified in the detailed case studies, will be modelled using tools developed for Delhi. Using data from 5 cities and Delhi we will explore the use of time-series, space-for-time substitution and scenarios to explore the use of narratives and quantitative models of the likely impacts of current (and future) policies on ES and dependent livelihoods. We will also actively engage with initiatives in other south Asian cities, building a network with partners from other Indian cities and in Nepal and Bangladesh through project-linked activities. This network will facilitate the joint development of research approaches and tools for policy engagement that can be applied more widely.

Fieldwork included a household survey of 2,000 households, in-depth interviews, community mapping and photo mapping. The household survey was carried out in the manner of a mini-census by going door-to-door throughout the entire village of Karhera. In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 people on the basis that they had some involvement in agriculture. These were grouped into 6 categories of respondent selected on the basis of the household survey: a. Original inhabitant, Upper Caste or ‘Rajput’and Male. b. Original inhabitant, Upper Caste and Female. c. Original inhabitant, Schedule Caste or ‘Dalit’ and Male. d. Original Inhabitant, Schedule Caste and Female. e. Migrant household and Male (irrespective of their caste). f. Migrant household and Female (irrespective of their caste). Selection was done through a purposive random sampling method based on the following criteria: a. Availability at the time of conducting the interviews. b. Those who fit into the above-mentioned criterion. c. All those people who are involved in agriculture. Community Mapping was conducted with community members chosen on the basis of their familiarity with the changes that have taken place in the community of the past decades and to provide a range of different perspectives on those changes. Photo Mapping was conducted with respondents chosen to provide a range of insights into agricultural livelihoods. 5 Photo Mapping exercises were carried out: 1. Rajput Husband/wife couple - Original Rajputs who own land 2. Original Rajput woman working in field owned by her 3. Migrant Dalit couple working on leased land in spinach cultivation. 4. Dalit single woman working as a wage labourer; 5. Male vendor Rajput.