The negative of the vertical component of the atmospheric direct current (DC) electric field is referred to as the atmospheric electric potential gradient (PG). The PG depends on the actual ionospheric potential, local electric fields, and the electrical conductivity of the air at the place of the measurement. These factors are more or less directly connected to meteorological conditions. The overall state of the global network of large-scale electrical currents in the Earth-ionosphere system can be inferred from the PG when the weather is locally calm. This state is traditionally referred to as “fair weather” and is characterized by allowed ranges of specified meteorological parameters (Harrison and Nicoll, 2018).This dataset contains PG data recorded in the Széchenyi István Geophysical Observatory (NCK, 47.632°N, 16.718°E), Hungary from 1999 up to 2009. Throughout this time period, data were collected using two instruments (with occasional small upgrades in the electronics). The older instrument has been measuring the PG quasi-continuously since 1962 and the newer one has been recording the PG since 1998. The two instruments are practically at the same place installed 5 m from each other. Basically, this dataset contains the data measured by the older instrument, however, at times when there were no data available from the older instrument, data from the newer apparatus were used. The operation principle is the same for both devices. Radioactive material is used which equalizes the atmospheric potential over the lowest 1 m thick air layer so that the potential difference between the sensing and grounded electrodes at ground level is the PG itself. Zero signal offset was determined daily and the instrument was calibrated in the ±250 V/m range weekly whenever it was possible. The instrument has a measuring range of −300 V/m to 300 V/m. The data were recorded photographically by a sensitive galvanometer. Detailed characteristics of the instruments and the applied calibration technique as well as links to original data publications can be found in Bór et al., 2020 and the references therein. Originally, hourly PG averages were obtained from the photographical records via manual evaluation with an uncertainty of ±10 V/m (Buzás et al., 2022). However, by means of digital image processing techniques, PG values measured at NCK were determined with a temporal resolution of 42 seconds and a ±3 V/m uncertainty (Magos et al., 2022). During the data digitization, archive PG data from 1999 to 2009 recorded on photo papers were used. First of all, the photo paper rolls were scanned into a raster image. After that, a locally-developed image processing algorithm extracted the digital PG value from the scanned images. This dataset contains these data, which have higher temporal resolution compared to the originally extracted PG data in hourly resolution. Please note, however, that owing to the characteristics of the algorithm used during the digitization, PG values with a large absolute magnitude are often missed by the algorithm as the it was optimized for fair-weather PG values that have a smaller absolute magnitude.On-site measurements of temperature, total rainfall, relative humidity, resultant wind direction and speed, and global solar radiation after the year of 2000 with a temporal resolution of 10 minutes can be found in the Buzás et al., 2022 dataset in Pangaea.This dataset also contains PG values which have been corrected for the time-dependent bias caused by the electrostatic shielding effect of trees that were growing up not far from the measuring instrument over the decades. Note that this shielding effect largely dominates the long-term trends in the uncorrected data, so the original PG data must be interpreted with care. The uncertainty of the conversion is also provided. This uncertainty arises from unexact information on the age and growth rate of different trees near the measuring instrument and from the ±3 V/m uncertainty of the image digitization. Detailed explanation of the correction can be found in Buzás et al., 2021.

The data are in a 42 seconds temporal resolution. Data are rounded to 2 decimal digits.Column description:PG_62_uncorr: uncorrected, all-weather atmospheric electric potential gradient (PG) data measured at Nagycenk (NCK, 47.632°N, 16.718°E) by the older (1962) measuring apparatus digitized from archive photo paper records; source: digitized from archive photo paper records measured at NCK (Magos et al., 2022).PG_98_uncorr: uncorrected, all-weather atmospheric electric potential gradient (PG) data measured at Nagycenk (NCK, 47.632°N, 16.718°E) by the newer (1998) measuring apparatus digitized from archive photo paper records; source: digitized from archive photo paper records measured at NCK (Magos et al., 2022).PG_corr: PG data (combined columns 'PG_62_uncorr' and 'PG_98_uncorr') corrected for the time-dependent bias caused by the electrostatic shielding effect of nearby trees (Buzás et al., 2021). These are the PG values that would have been measured without the presence of nearby trees; source: calculated by the data providerPG_corr_uncertainty: resultant uncertainty (in V/m) of the PG_corr data which on one hand derives from the uncertainty of ±3 V/m of the uncorrected data, and on the other hand from the uncertainty of the shielding effect correction (Buzás et al., 2021); source: calculated by the data providerThe digitization of archive PG records has been supported by the Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH) under the project “Machine Learning Methods in Earth Physics” (SA-46/2021)."