This dataset contains the relative abundance of isoprenoidal and branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGT) components, in addition to various indexes used to reconstruct the mean annual air temperature and pH, of the Canroute peatland sequence (Massif Central, France) for the last 15,000 years cal BP. The analysis was performed by a double microwave extraction at 70°C with dichloromethane (DCM)-methanol (MeOH) mixture (3:1, v/v), filtered on a solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge and then separated into polar and apolar fractions on a silica column with a hexane-DCM (1:1, v/v) and DMC-MeOH (1:1, v/v) mixtures respectively. Samples were then analysed in hexane-propanol (98.2:0.2, v/v) by high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Ions in selected ion monitoring (SIM) are detected for mass-to-change ratios according to Hopmans et al. (2016, doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2015.12.006). This data was used to better understand the biological origin of the components and reconstruct the environmental and paleoclimate of the Canroute peatland sequence.