(1A) Immunofluorescence of FGFR3 (red) co-stained with DDX4, UTF1, KIT, or STRA8 (green) in adult human testicular paraffin sections from one donor with OA. Triangles indicate SSCs; yellow arrowheads indicate Diff.ing SPG; arrows indicate Diff.ed SPG. SSC, spermatogonial stem cells; Diff.ing SPG, differentiating spermatogonia; Diff.ed SPG, differentiated spermatogonia. Scale bar, 10 μm. (1B) Immunofluorescence of BMPR1B (red) co-stained with DDX4, UTF1, KIT, or STRA8 (green) in adult human testicular paraffin sections from one donor with OA. Triangles indicate SSCs; yellow arrowheads indicate Diff.ing SPG; arrows indicate Diff.ed SPG. SSC, spermatogonial stem cells; Diff.ing SPG, differentiating spermatogonia; Diff.ed SPG, differentiated spermatogonia. Scale bar, 10 μm. (2A) Immunofluorescence of DMC1 and γH2AX (red) co-stained with SYCP3 (green) in adult human testicular paraffin sections from one donor with OA. Triangles indicate leptotene (L) spermatocytes; yellow arrowheads indicate zygotene (Z) spermatocytes; arrows indicate pachytene (P) spermatocytes. Scale bar, 10 μm. (2B) Boxplot showing the relative expression levels (average TPM) of sex chromosome genes versus autosomes (Chr1, Chr3 to Chr5, Chr7 to Chr10, Chr12 to Chr19, Chr21 to Chr22) in each cluster.(3A) Immunofluorescence of TNP1 (green) co-stained with γH2AX (red) and PNA (pink) in adult human testicular paraffin sections from one donor with OA. Triangles indicate γH2AX+ spermatids. Scale bar, 10 μm.(3B) Immunofluorescence of TNP1, PRM1, H4K16AC, KAT8 and CHD5 (green) co-stained with DDX4 (red) and PNA (pink) in adult human testicular paraffin sections from one donor with OA respectively. Triangles indicate S1; yellow arrowheads indicate S2; arrows indicate S3. S, spermatids. Scale bar, 10 μm.(4A) Enriched GO terms and P values of 2,821 human-mouse homologous DEGs in four categories of adult human testicular cells. SPG, spermatogonia; SPC, spermatocytes; S, spermatids.(4B) Enriched GO terms and P values (P value < 0.05) of 1,710 widely expressed human-mouse homologous genes in testicular cells.(4C) Enriched GO terms and P values (P value < 0.05) of 998 widely expressed human-mouse non-homologous genes in testicular cells.(4D) Enriched GO terms and P values of 1,158 non-housekeeping (also non-homologous) DEGs in four categories of adult human testicular cells. SPG, spermatogonia; SPC, spermatocytes; S, spermatids.

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