This dataset contains the geochemical results for the dust fraction (<5 µm size fraction) of sediment core PS75/056-1 from the South Pacific Subantarctic Zone (55.16°S, 114.78°W; 3581 m water depth) collected during R/V Polarstern expedition ANT-XXVI/2 (PS75 BIPOMAC) in 11/2009-01/2010 (Gersonde, 2011, doi:10.2312/BzPM_0632_2011). The original lithogenic dust provenance signal was extracted from a total of 108 samples (incl. 13 full replicates) between 0.03 and 9.93 m core depth covering the period from ~8,000 to ~260,000 years before present. The age model is from van der Does et al. (2021, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106978). All samples were analyzed for their trace element content using a ThermoFinnigan Element II ICP-MS and their radiogenic isotope composition (Nd, Pb, Sr) was analyzed with a ThermoScientific Neptune Plus MC-ICP-MS at the ICBM in Oldenburg, Germany