LADCP measurements were performed on all research cruises that concentrated on open ocean areas (see Table C3) while on cruises that worked mostly in shallow waters, ocean current measurements by the shipboard ADCP (see section 4.1.8) were deemed sufficient. GEOMAR used a two-instrument configuration with two Teledyne RDI 300 kHz workhorse ADCPs mounted in down- and up-looking positions. Data collection and processing was performed according to recommendations in the GO-SHIP manual (Thurnherr et al., 2010).